我有一台128 GB RAM的计算机，运行Linux（3.19.5-200.fc21.x86_64）。但是，我不能在一个进程中分配超过30 GB的RAM。超出此， malloc 失败：
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
size_t gb_in_bytes = size_t(1)<<size_t(30); // 1 GB in bytes (2^30).
// try to allocate 1 block of 'i' GB.
for (size_t i = 25; i < 35; ++ i) {
size_t n = i * gb_in_bytes;
void *p = ::malloc(n);
std::cout << "allocation of 1 x " << (n/double(gb_in_bytes)) << " GB of data. Ok? " << ((p==0)? "nope" : "yes") << std::endl;
::free(p);
}
}
这会产生以下输出：
/tmp> c++ mem_alloc.cpp && a.out
allocation of 1 x 25 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 26 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 27 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 28 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 29 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 30 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 31 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 32 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 33 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 34 GB of data. Ok? nope
我搜索了一段时间，发现这与最大虚拟内存大小有关：
~> ulimit -all
[...]
max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64
max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited
virtual memory (kbytes, -v) 32505856
[...]
我可以将此限制增加到~64 GB ulimit -v 64000000，但不是更进一步。除此之外，我明白了 operation not permitted 错误：
~> ulimit -v 64000000
~> ulimit -v 65000000
bash: ulimit: virtual memory: cannot modify limit: Operation not permitted
~> ulimit -v unlimited
bash: ulimit: virtual memory: cannot modify limit: Operation not permitted
一些更多的搜索显示，原则上应该可以通过“as”（地址空间）条目设置这些限制 /etc/security/limits.conf。但是，通过这样做，我只能这样做 减少 最大的虚拟内存量，不是 增加 它。
有没有办法完全解除每个进程的虚拟内存限制，或者将其增加到超过64 GB？我想在一个应用程序中使用所有物理内存。
编辑：
在Ingo Leonhardt之后，我试过了 ulimits -v unlimited 以root身份登录后，而不是标准用户。这样做可以解决root的问题（程序可以在以root用户身份登录时分配所有物理内存）。但这仅适用于root，不适用于其他用户。但是，至少这意味着原则上内核可以很好地处理这个问题，并且只存在配置问题。
关于 limits.conf：我试过明确添加
至 /etc/security/limits.conf，并重新启动。这没有效果。以标准用户身份登录后， ulimit -v 仍然返回大约32 GB，和 ulimit -v 65000000 仍然说 permission denied （而 ulimit -v 64000000 作品）。其余的 limits.conf 被注释掉了 /etc/security/limits.d 只有一个不相关的条目（限制 nproc 非root用户为4096）。也就是说，虚拟内存限制必须来自其他地方 limits.conf。任何想法还有什么可以导致的 ulimits -v 不是“无限”？
编辑/解决方案：
这是我自己的愚蠢造成的。我的用户设置中有一个（很久就被遗忘的）程序 setrlimit 限制每个进程的内存量，以防止Linux交换死亡。它无意中从32 GB机器复制到128 GB机器。感谢Paul和Andrew Janke以及其他所有人帮助追踪它。对不起大家：/。
如果有人遇到这个：搜索 ulimit/setrlimit 在bash和配置文件设置中，以及可能调用它们的程序（包括您自己和系统范围的/ etc设置）并确保 /security/limits.conf 不包括此限制...（或者至少尝试创建新用户，以查看是否在您的用户或系统设置中发生这种情况）
这是一个ulimit和系统设置问题，而不是c ++问题。
我可以在Amazon EC2实例类型上运行适当修改的代码 r3.4xlarge 没问题。这些在现货市场的成本不到0.20美元/小时，所以我建议你租一个，或者在/ etc中查看并与你自己的设置进行比较......或者你可能需要重新编译Linux内核才能使用它很多记忆...但它不是C ++或gcc问题。
EC2机器上的Ubuntu已经设置为无限制的进程内存。
$ sudo su
# ulimit -u
--> unlimited
这个有125GB的内存
# free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 125903992 1371828 124532164 344 22156 502248
-/+ buffers/cache: 847424 125056568
Swap: 0 0 0
我修改了程序的限制，最高可达149GB。
这是输出。看起来很好，高达118GB。
root@ip-10-203-193-204:/home/ubuntu# ./memtest
allocation of 1 x 25 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 26 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 27 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 28 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 29 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 30 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 31 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 32 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 33 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 34 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 35 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 36 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 37 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 38 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 39 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 40 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 41 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 42 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 43 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 44 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 45 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 46 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 47 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 48 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 49 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 50 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 51 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 52 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 53 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 54 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 55 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 56 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 57 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 58 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 59 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 60 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 61 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 62 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 63 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 64 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 65 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 66 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 67 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 68 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 69 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 70 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 71 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 72 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 73 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 74 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 75 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 76 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 77 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 78 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 79 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 80 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 81 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 82 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 83 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 84 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 85 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 86 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 87 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 88 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 89 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 90 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 91 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 92 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 93 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 94 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 95 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 96 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 97 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 98 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 99 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 100 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 101 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 102 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 103 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 104 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 105 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 106 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 107 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 108 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 109 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 110 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 111 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 112 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 113 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 114 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 115 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 116 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 117 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 118 GB of data. Ok? yes
allocation of 1 x 119 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 120 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 121 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 122 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 123 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 124 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 125 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 126 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 127 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 128 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 129 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 130 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 131 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 132 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 133 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 134 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 135 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 136 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 137 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 138 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 139 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 140 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 141 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 142 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 143 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 144 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 145 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 146 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 147 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 148 GB of data. Ok? nope
allocation of 1 x 149 GB of data. Ok? nope
现在，我在这上花了0.17美元......